Covered:

1. Structuring Paragraphs around our power tools of rhetoric
2. Structuring Paragraphs around our (other) tools of rhetoric
3. Back to the Basics of paragraphing 

To start, keep in mind that your paper must be structured around several of the rhetorical tools you see at work in the book under your scrutiny.  

You will likely structure your analysis in one of two ways:  

1. Structuring PARAGRAPHS: around the claims the author is arguing  (in each paragraph you will then need to discuss the reasons supporting the claim AND key rhetorical tools used to create and support that claim).  In such cases you may also follow the logic of the enthymeme
2. Structuring PARAGRAPHS: more commonly, by organizing your paragraphs explicitly around the rhetorical tools at work in the essay.

1. Tips for generating paragraphs around our POWER TOOLS of rhetoric: 

1. Two Steps to using ETHOS/LOGOS/PATHOS:

a) If you are still struggling with these concepts, Try setting up your initial use of any of these.  Show your reader you have a basic understanding of what these are.  Feel free to quote BRIEFLY from the following source: http://courses.durhamtech.edu/perkins/aris.html or even from our textbook.

b) Then ensure you are using these THREE CONCEPTS as the category for more specific strategies that you discuss, and give us examples.

Such as: pathos, or an emotional appeal, is created in the reader when the author takes us to the slums outside Jakarta, where he interviews starving mothers, and vividly describes squalor

Such as: logos, or the reasoned structure of the argument and its proof, is missing in support of the author's claim that occupy the Egyptian uprising is a real revolution, because he offers only shallow evidence based on twitter feeds, and fails to acknowledge the real uncertainty; or the author's argument is reasonably developed in chapter 2, where she argues her case X, by citing key findings from research projects A and B, while also breaking down the mathematical evidence.   

Such as:  the argument in Chapter 3 relies heavily on the author's creation of personal ethos through her incorporation of personal examples, personal anecdotes and constant citing of her mentor Bob Zimmerman.

2.  Use the rhetorical triangle in your introductory paragraphs, see workshops #2 and 3.

3. Simple:  Consider how the Author RAISES and deals with counter-arguments,this fundamental rhetorical move could generate an important paragraph or two

4.  For the Enthymeme, see Workshop #5

5. If you see the Author shaping an argument around a stasis, consider devoting a paragraph to exploring how the author answers some of the Stasis questions.  To do so, state the author's argument as one (an argument over a definition, evaluation, proposal, etc.) then raise the following questions: listed on OWL: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/736/1/

Using Other Rhetorical tools:

There are dozens of other tools you might find in an argument (linked here is a nice list) and which you might want to discuss in a paragraph or two, such as

• irony:
• kairos (meaning the right or opportune moment.
• metaphor
• synecdoche (using a part of something to represent the whole)
• trope
• understatement

QUICK REMINDER OF PARAGRAPHING BASICS 

The Basic Rule: Keep One Idea to One Paragraph

The basic rule of thumb with paragraphing is to keep one idea to one paragraph. If you begin to transition into a new idea, it belongs in a new paragraph. There are some simple ways to tell if you are on the same topic or a new one. You can have one idea and several bits of supporting evidence within a single paragraph. You can also have several points in a single paragraph as long as they relate to the overall topic of the paragraph. If the single points start to get long, then perhaps elaborating on each of them and placing them in their own paragraphs is the route to go.

Elements of a Paragraph

To be as effective as possible, a paragraph should contain each of the following: Unity, Coherence, A Topic Sentence, and Adequate Development. As you will see, all of these traits overlap. Using and adapting them to your individual purposes will help you construct effective paragraphs

Ingredients for success:

• Topic sentences that show purposeful paragraphs and support the thesis in some way (follow the link, and scroll down, if you're unsure about topic sentences)

• Paragraph UNITY:  A paragraph is unified when all of its sentences work towards the same end. Each phrase and sentence should illustrate, clarify, explain, support and/or address the idea that the topic sentence puts forward. In our project the paragraph  should be unified around a central claim in the author's argument, or a rhetorical tool you are examining at work. 

• Proof from the text (SHOW US as well as TELL US), paraphrase or quote from the text...

• Development (develop your idea sufficiently...and know how the idea is being developed) SEE PART TWO to our workshop
• "Sandwiched Quotes" (here are your tips for incorporating a quote again):

1. Selecting quotes:  find relevant quotes to your position and to your audience
2. Framing quotes: avoid "hit and run" quotes that come out of nowhere and then flee the scene without a trace (in other words: ALWAYS INTRODUCE THE SOURCE OR SPEAKER BEFORE QUOTING...THEN COMMENT ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE QUOTE, WHY YOU CHOSE IT, OR WHAT IT MEANS TO YOUR POSITION).  Set up quote by introducing the author (and the text or context if necessary), and follow up every quote by explaining its significance to your argument.

Thus creating the desired "QUOTATION SANDWICH" Bon Apetit!